Types of bariatric surgery: know the options
Written by: Laura Arantegui / Date: 04-02-25 / Reading of 5 Minutes
Bariatric surgery is an effective option for the treatment of obesity and its comorbidities. There are three main types of techniques: restrictive, malabsorptive and mixed. Each has its own characteristics and benefits. Below, we explore each of them.
Table of Contents
- Restrictive Techniques
- Malabsorptive Techniques
- 3. Mixed Techniques
- 4. Criteria to be a candidate for bariatric surgery
Restrictive techniques in bariatric surgeries
Restrictive techniques focus on reducing the size of the stomach to limit the amount of food a person can eat. This is achieved through procedures such as vertical gastrectomy or gastric sleeve, where a large part of the stomach is removed, leaving a narrow tube. This method helps patients feel full with less food.
Advantages:
- Reduced risk of nutritional deficiencies.
- Less complex procedure compared to other types of bariatric surgery.
- Relatively rapid recovery.
Disadvantages:
- It may not be sufficient for patients with severe obesity.
Malabsorptive techniques
Malabsorptive techniques alter the digestive system to reduce nutrient absorption. An example is biliopancreatic diversion, where part of the small intestine is rerouted, limiting the absorption of calories and nutrients. This type of surgery is more invasive and is generally reserved for cases of extreme obesity.
Advantages:
- High effectiveness in weight loss.
- Significant improvement in comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes.
Disadvantages:
- Increased risk of nutritional deficiencies.
- Need for constant medical follow-up and supplements.
- A more complex procedure with a higher risk of complications.
Mixed techniques in bariatric surgeries
Mixed techniques combine elements of restrictive and malabsorptive techniques. Gastric bypass is the most common example, where a small stomach pouch is created and part of the small intestine is rerouted. This limits both food intake and nutrient absorption.
Advantages:
- High effectiveness in weight loss and improvement of comorbidities.
- Combined benefits of restrictive and malabsorptive techniques.
Disadvantages:
- Risk of nutritional deficiencies and need for supplements.
- A more complex procedure with a higher risk of complications.
Criteria to be a candidate for bariatric surgery
To be considered a candidate for bariatric surgery, certain medical and psychological criteria must be met, among which are:
Body Mass Index (BMI):
- BMI of 40 or more.
- BMI of 35 or more with associated comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, among others.
Psychological stability:
- Psychological evaluation to ensure that the patient does not have severe, uncontrolled psychiatric disorders.
- Ability to understand the risks and benefits of surgery and long-term commitment to lifestyle changes.
Previous attempts at weight loss:
- Have tried to lose weight by non-surgical methods, such as dieting, exercise or drugs, without significant success.
Commitment to postoperative follow-up:
- Willingness to attend follow-up consultations and comply with medical and nutritional recommendations after surgery.
The choice of bariatric surgery technique is determined by the medical team and depends on several factors. It is crucial to have a specialized multidisciplinary team that can guide and support the patient throughout the process.
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